Rabbi Sacks: Family Is Most Humanizing Institution in History

Here is the address given Monday by Rabbi Lord Jonathan Sacks at the colloquim underway in the Vatican on the complementarity of man and woman. The rabbi's address was titled "The Family is the Single Most Humanising Institution in History."

The Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith is sponsoring the colloquium with other offices of the Curia.

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I want this morning to begin our conversation by one way of telling the story of the most beautiful idea in the history of civilization: the idea of the love that brings new life into the world. There are of course many ways of telling the story, and this is just one. But to me it is a story of seven key moments, each of them surprising and unexpected.

The first, according to a report in the press on 20th October of this year, took place in a lake in Scotland 385 million years ago. It was then, according to this new discovery, that two fish came together to perform the first instance of sexual reproduction known to science. Until then all life had propagated itself asexually, by cell division, budding, fragmentation or parthenogenesis, all of which are far simpler and more economical than the division of life into male and female, each with a different role in creating and sustaining life.

When we consider, even in the animal kingdom, how much effort and energy the coming together of male and female takes, in terms of displays, courtship rituals, rivalries and violence, it is astonishing that sexual reproduction ever happened at all. Biologists are still not quite sure why it did. Some say to offer protection against parasites, or immunities against disease. Others say it's simply that the meeting of opposites generates diversity. But one way or another, the fish in Scotland discovered something new and beautiful that's been copied ever since by virtually all advanced forms of life. Life begins when male and female meet and embrace.

The second unexpected development was the unique challenge posed to Homo sapiens by two factors: we stood upright, which constricted the female pelvis, and we had bigger brains - a 300 per cent increase - which meant larger heads. The result was that human babies had to be born more prematurely than any other species, and so needed parental protection for much longer. This made parenting more demanding among humans than any other species, the work of two people rather than one. Hence the very rare phenomenon among mammals, of pair bonding, unlike other species where the male contribution tends to end with the act of impregnation. Among most primates, fathers don't even recognise their children let alone care for them. Elsewhere in the animal kingdom motherhood is almost universal but fatherhood is rare. So what emerged along with the human person was the union of the biological mother and father to care for their child. Thus far nature, but then came culture, and the third surprise.

It seems that among hunter gatherers, pair bonding was the norm. Then came agriculture, and economic surplus, and cities and civilisation, and for the first time sharp inequalities began to emerge between rich and poor, powerful and powerless. The great ziggurats of Mesopotamia and pyramids of ancient Egypt, with their broad base and narrow top, were monumental statements in stone of a hierarchical society in which the few had power over the many. And the most obvious expression of power among alpha males whether human or primate, is to dominate access to fertile women and thus maximise the handing on of your genes to the next generation. Hence polygamy, which exists in 95 per cent of mammal species and 75 per cent of cultures known to anthropology. Polygamy is the ultimate expression of inequality because it means that many males never get the chance to have a wife and child. And sexual envy has been, throughout history, among animals as well as humans, a prime driver of violence.

That is what makes the first chapter of Genesis so revolutionary with its statement that every human being, regardless of class, colour, culture or creed, is in the image and likeness of God himself.

We know that in the ancient world it was rulers, kings, emperors and pharaohs who were held to be in the image of God. So what Genesis was saying was that we are all royalty. We each have equal dignity in the kingdom of faith under the sovereignty of God.

From this it follows that we each have an equal right to form a marriage and have children, which is why, regardless of how we read the story of Adam and Eve - and there are differences between Jewish and Christian readings - the norm presupposed by that story is: one woman, one man. Or as the Bible itself says: "That is why a man leaves his father and mother and is united to his wife, and they become one flesh."

Monogamy did not immediately become the norm, even within the world of the Bible. But many of its most famous stories, about the tension between Sarah and Hagar, or Leah and Rachel and their children, or David and Bathsheba, or Solomon's many wives, are all critiques that point the way to monogamy.

And there is a deep connection between monotheism and monogamy, just as there is, in the opposite direction, between idolatry and adultery. Monotheism and monogamy are about the all-embracing relationship between I and Thou, myself and one other, be it a human, or the divine, Other.

What makes the emergence of monogamy unusual is that it is normally the case that the values of a society are those imposed on it by the ruling class. And the ruling class in any hierarchical society stands to gain from promiscuity and polygamy, both of

which multiply the chances of my genes being handed on to the next generation. From

monogamy the rich and powerful lose and the poor and powerless gain. So the return of

monogamy goes against the normal grain of social change and was a real triumph for the

equal dignity of all. Every bride and every groom are royalty; every home a palace when

furnished with love.

 The fourth remarkable development was the way this transformed the moral life. We've all become familiar with the work of evolutionary biologists using computer

simulations and the iterated prisoners' dilemma to explain why reciprocal altruism exists

among all social animals. We behave to others as we would wish them to behave to us,

and we respond to them as they respond to us. As C S Lewis pointed out in his book The

Abolition of Man, reciprocity is the Golden Rule shared by all the great civilizations.

What was new and remarkable in the Hebrew Bible was the idea that love, not

just fairness, is the driving principle of the moral life. Three loves. "Love the Lord your

God with all your heart, all your soul and all your might." "Love your neighbour as

yourself." And, repeated no less than 36 times in the Mosaic books, "Love the stranger

because you know what it feels like to be a stranger." Or to put it another way: just as

God created the natural world in love and forgiveness, so we are charged with creating

the social world in love and forgiveness. And that love is a flame lit in marriage and the

family. Morality is the love between husband and wife, parent and child, extended

outward to the world.

The fifth development shaped the entire structure of Jewish experience. In

ancient Israel an originally secular form of agreement, called a covenant, was taken and

transformed into a new way of thinking about the relationship between God and

humanity, in the case of Noah, and between God and a people in the case of Abraham

and later the Israelites at Mount Sinai. A covenant is like a marriage. It is a mutual

pledge of loyalty and trust between two or more people, each respecting the dignity and

integrity of the other, to work together to achieve together what neither can achieve

alone. And there is one thing even God cannot achieve alone, which is to live within the

human heart. That needs us.

So the Hebrew word emunah, wrongly translated as faith, really means

faithfulness, fidelity, loyalty, steadfastness, not walking away even when the going gets

tough, trusting the other and honouring the other's trust in us. What covenant did, and

we see this in almost all the prophets, was to understand the relationship between us and

God in terms of the relationship between bride and groom, wife and husband. Love thus

became not only the basis of morality but also of theology. In Judaism faith is a

marriage. Rarely was this more beautifully stated than by Hosea when he said in the

name of God:

I will betroth you to me forever;

I will betroth you in righteousness and justice, love and compassion.

I will betroth you in faithfulness, and you will know the Lord.

Jewish men say those words every weekday morning as we wind the strap of our tefillin

around our finger like a wedding ring. Each morning we renew our marriage with God.

This led to a sixth and quite subtle idea that truth, beauty, goodness, and life

itself, do not exist in any one person or entity but in the "between," what Martin Buber

called Das Zwischenmenschliche, the interpersonal, the counterpoint of speaking and

listening, giving and receiving. Throughout the Hebrew Bible and the rabbinic literature,

the vehicle of truth is conversation. In revelation God speaks and asks us to listen. In

prayer we speak and ask God to listen. There is never only one voice. In the Bible the

prophets argue with God. In the Talmud rabbis argue with one another. In fact I

sometimes think the reason God chose the Jewish people was because He loves a good

argument. Judaism is a conversation scored for many voices, never more passionately

than in the Song of Songs, a duet between a woman and a man, the beloved and her

lover, that Rabbi Akiva called the holy of holies of religious literature.

The prophet Malachi calls the male priest the guardian of the law of truth. The

book of Proverbs says of the woman of worth that "the law of loving kindness is on her

tongue." It is that conversation between male and female voices, between truth and love,

justice and mercy, law and forgiveness, that frames the spiritual life. In biblical times

each Jew had to give a half shekel to the Temple to remind us that we are only half.

There are some cultures that teach that we are nothing. There are others that teach that

we are everything. The Jewish view is that we are half and we need to open ourselves to

another if we are to become whole.

All this led to the seventh outcome, that in Judaism the home and the family

became the central setting of the life of faith. In the only verse in the Hebrew Bible to

explain why God chose Abraham, He says: "I have known him so that he will instruct

his children and his household after him to keep the way of the Lord by doing what is

right and just." Abraham was chosen not to rule an empire, command an army, perform</p>

miracles or deliver prophecies, but simply to be a parent.

In one of the most famous lines in Judaism, which we say every day and night,

Moses commands, "You shall teach these things repeatedly to your children, speaking of

them when you sit in your house or when you walk on the way, when you lie down and

when you rise up." Parents are to be educators, education is the conversation between

the generations, and the first school is the home.

So Jews became an intensely family oriented people, and it was this that saved us

from tragedy. After the destruction of the Second Temple in the year 70, Jews were

scattered throughout the world, everywhere a minority, everywhere without rights,

suffering some of the worst persecutions ever known by a people and yet Jews survived

because they never lost three things: their sense of family, their sense of community and

their faith.

And they were renewed every week especially on Shabbat, the day of rest when

we give our marriages and families what they most need and are most starved of in the

contemporary world, namely time. I once produced a television documentary for the

BBC on the state of family life in Britain, and I took the person who was then Britain's

leading expert on child care, Penelope Leach, to a Jewish primary school on a Friday

morning.

There she saw the children enacting in advance what they would see that evening

around the family table. There were the five year old mother and father blessing the five

year old children with the five year old grandparents looking on. She was fascinated by

this whole institution, and she asked the children what they most enjoyed about the

Sabbath. One five year old boy turned to her and said, "It's the only night of the week

when daddy doesn't have to rush off." As we walked away from the school when the

filming was over she turned to me and said, "Chief Rabbi, that Sabbath of yours is saving

their parents' marriages."

So that is one way of telling the story, a Jewish way, beginning with the birth of

sexual reproduction, then the unique demands of human parenting, then the eventual

triumph of monogamy as a fundamental statement of human equality, followed by the

way marriage shaped our vision of the moral and religious life as based on love and

covenant and faithfulness, even to the point of thinking of truth as a conversation

between lover and beloved. Marriage and the family are where faith finds its home and

where the Divine Presence lives in the love between husband and wife, parent and child.

What then has changed? Here's one way of putting it. I wrote a book a few years

ago about religion and science and I summarised the difference between them in two

sentences. "Science takes things apart to see how they work. Religion puts things

together to see what they mean." And that's a way of thinking about culture also. Does it

put things together or does it take things apart?

What made the traditional family remarkable, a work of high religious art, is

what it brought together: sexual drive, physical desire, friendship, companionship,

emotional kinship and love, the begetting of children and their protection and care, their

early education and induction into an identity and a history. Seldom has any institution

woven together so many different drives and desires, roles and responsibilities. It made

sense of the world and gave it a human face, the face of love.

For a whole variety of reasons, some to do with medical developments like birth

control, in vitro fertilisation and other genetic interventions, some to do with moral

change like the idea that we are free to do whatever we like so long as it does not harm

others, some to do with a transfer of responsibilities from the individual to the state, and

other and more profound changes in the culture of the West, almost everything that

marriage once brought together has now been split apart. Sex has been divorced from

love, love from commitment, marriage from having children, and having children from

responsibility for their care.

The result is that in Britain in 2012, 47.5 per cent of children were born outside

marriage, expected to become a majority in 2016. Fewer people are marrying, those who

are, are marrying later, and 42 per cent of marriages end in divorce . Nor is cohabitation a

substitute for marriage. The average length of cohabitation in Britain and the United

States is less than two years. The result is a sharp increase among young people of eating

disorders, drug and alcohol abuse, stress related syndromes, depression and actual and

attempted suicides. The collapse of marriage has created a new form of poverty

concentrated among single parent families, and of these, the main burden is born by

women, who in 2011 headed 92 per cent of single parent households. In Britain today

more than a million children will grow up with no contact whatsoever with their fathers.

This is creating a divide within societies the like of which has not been seen since

Disraeli spoke of "two nations" a century and a half ago. Those who are privileged to

grow up in stable loving association with the two people who brought them into being

will, on average, be healthier physically and emotionally. They will do better at school

and at work. They will have more successful relationships, be happier and live longer.

And yes, there are many exceptions. But the injustice of it all cries out to heaven. It will

go down in history as one of the tragic instances of what Friedrich Hayek called "the

fatal conceit" that somehow we know better than the wisdom of the ages, and can defy

the lessons of biology and history.

No one surely wants to go back to the narrow prejudices of the past. This week,

in Britain, a new film opens, telling the story of one of the great minds of the twentieth

century, Alan Turing, the Cambridge mathematician who laid the philosophical

foundations of computing and artificial intelligence, and helped win the war by breaking

the German naval code Enigma. After the war, Turing was arrested and tried for

homosexual behaviour, underwent chemically induced castration, and died at the age of

41 by cyanide poisoning, thought by many to have committed suicide. That is a world to

which we should never return.

But our compassion for those who choose to live differently should not inhibit us

from being advocates for the single most humanising institution in history. The family,

man, woman, and child, is not one lifestyle choice among many. It is the best means we

have yet discovered for nurturing future generations and enabling children to grow in a

matrix of stability and love. It is where we learn the delicate choreography of relationship

and how to handle the inevitable conflicts within any human group. It is where we first

take the risk of giving and receiving love. It is where one generation passes on its values

to the next, ensuring the continuity of a civilization. For any society, the family is the

crucible of its future, and for the sake of our children's future, we must be its defenders.

Since this is a religious gathering, let me, if I may, end with a piece of biblical

exegesis. The story of the first family, the first man and woman in the garden of Eden, is

not generally regarded as a success. Whether or not we believe in original sin, it did not

end happily. After many years of studying the text I want to suggest a different reading.

The story ends with three verses that seem to have no connection with one

another. No sequence. No logic. In Genesis 3: 19 God says to the man: "By the sweat of

your brow you will eat your food until you return to the ground, since from it you were

taken; for dust you are and to dust you will return." Then in the next verse we read: "The

man named his wife Eve, because she was the mother of all life." And in the next,

"The Lord God made garments of skin for Adam and his wife and clothed them."

What is the connection here? Why did God telling the man that he was mortal

lead him to give his wife a new name? And why did that act seem to change God's

attitude to both of them, so that He performed an act of tenderness, by making them

clothes, almost as if He had partially forgiven them? Let me also add that the Hebrew

word for "skin" is almost indistinguishable from the Hebrew word for "light," so that

Rabbi Meir, the great sage of the early second century, read the text as saying that God

made for them "garments of light." What did he mean?

If we read the text carefully, we see that until now the first man had given his

wife a purely generic name. He called her ishah, woman. Recall what he said when he

first saw her: "This is now bone of my bones and flesh of my flesh; she shall be

called woman for she was taken from man." For him she was a type, not a person. He

gave her a noun, not a name. What is more he defines her as a derivative of himself:

something taken from man. She is not yet for him someone other, a person in her own

right. She is merely a kind of reflection of himself.

As long as the man thought he was immortal, he ultimately needed no one else.

But now he knew he was mortal. He would one day die and return to dust. There was

only one way in which something of him would live on after his death. That would be if

he had a child. But he could not have a child on his own. For that he needed his wife.

She alone could give birth. She alone could mitigate his mortality. And not because she

was like him but precisely because she was unlike him. At that moment she ceased to be,

for him, a type, and became a person in her own right. And a person has a proper name.

That is what he gave her: the name Chavah, "Eve," meaning, "giver of life."

At that moment, as they were about to leave Eden and face the world as we

know it, a place of darkness, Adam gave his wife the first gift of love, a personal name.

And at that moment, God responded to them both in love, and made them garments to

clothe their nakedness, or as Rabbi Meir put it, "garments of light."

And so it has been ever since, that when a man and woman turn to one another

in a bond of faithfulness, God robes them in garments of light, and we come as close as

we will ever get to God himself, bringing new life into being, turning the prose of biology

into the poetry of the human spirit, redeeming the darkness of the world by the radiance of love.

[Text provided by the colloquium]

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Rabbi Lord Jonathan Sacks is currently the Ingeborg and Ira Rennert Global Distinguished Professor of Judaic Thought at New York University and the Kressel and Ephrat Family University Professor of Jewish Thought at Yeshiva University. He has also been appointed as Professor of Law, Ethics and the Bible at King's College London. Previously, Rabbi Sacks served as Chief Rabbi of the United Hebrew Congregations of the Commonwealth between September 1991 and September 2013, only the sixth incumbent since the role was formalized in 1845. A visiting professor at several universities in Britain, the United States and Israel, Rabbi Sacks holds 16 honorary degrees, including a Doctor of Divinity conferred to mark his first ten years in office as Chief Rabbi, by the then Archbishop of Canterbury, Lord Carey. Rabbi Sacks has also recently been named as The Becket Fund's 2014 Canterbury Medalist for his role in the defense of religious liberty in the public square. He was knighted by Queen Elizabeth in 2005 and made a Life Peer, taking his seat in the House of Lords in October 2009.